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General Business 360 Research Guide

Using Boolean Operators to Refine Searches

Special symbols can help you to refine your searches. These strategies work in library databases, but also in search engines like Google, Duck Duck Go, and Bing.

Operators

Examples

“ ”
Use quotation marks to search for an exact phrase

“tax accountant”

“actuarial consultant”

*

Use an asterisk sign to replace anything that comes after the letter immediately before it; this is called truncation

econom*

This will find articles that contain any of the following words: economy, economies, economical, economist, econometrics, etc.

AND

Use AND to limit results to articles that contain two terms

software AND engineer

“customer service” AND hospitality

OR
 

Use OR to broaden your search

health actuary OR retirement actuary

(  )

Use parentheses to do a complex search

Manager AND (Employee relations OR human resources)

This strategy will find both human resources managers and employee relations managers.

-
 

Use the hyphen to exclude a term from the search

Marketing-Sales

This limits results to only those with Marketing and excludes those with the term Sales.)

-site:
 

Use this strategy to exclude a website from the search results

Human resources -site:wikipedia.org
 

This limits results to sources other than Wikipedia.

~
 

Use the tilde to find your search term and its synonyms

~procurement
 

This strategy searches for the term procurement and its synonyms.

Related:

Put related: in front of a web address you already know to find articles from similar websites

Related:nytimes.com

This searches websites similar to the one in the search.

 

American Journal of Agricultural Economics (scholarly journal)

Try using a combination of the search strategies in the table above when searching within a database. For example:

  • "climate change"
  • water OR drought OR rainfall
  • America*

Wiley Online Library database search interface