If a story that appears in a kabuki play originated in the medieval era, you may find emaki (picture scrolls) that depict it. Furthermore, kabuki and ukiyoe (woodblock prints) go hand in hand. Check out surviving ukiyoe in books such as the following. Also, note that UW-Madison's Chazen Museum of Art boasts a vast collection of ukiyoe.
Check out surviving ukiyoe in the following online databases/catalogs.