Qatar is a hereditary monarchy led by the Emir,  with a constitution that places some limits the Emir’s authority, though the Emir retains significant executive and legislative authority. The Emir serves as both head of state and chief executive. The 2003 Constitution, effective since June 8, 2004, is the highest legal authority, divides power among three branches:

I. The Executive -- Headed by the Emir, and a Prime Minister who oversees government operations under the Emir’s direction;

II. The Legislative --  The unicameral legislative body (Shura Council) advises the Emir, proposes legislation, and approves the budget, but its powers are limited by the Emir’s authority

III. The Judiciary -  The judiciary is independent, with the Court of Cassation as the highest civil court, alongside Sharia courts handling Islamic law matters. For more information on the Court of Cassation, other civil courts, and any information on Sharia Courts, see the website of the Supreme Judiciary Council. 

Qatar’s legal system blends modern civil law, influenced by Egyptian and French legal traditions, with traditional Islamic (Sharia) law. Written statutes form the backbone of the legal framework. Codified laws predominate in commercial, civil, and criminal matters. Sharia significantly influences family and personal status issues, but may also inform certain penal provisions.

Detailed regulations from government bodies, such as ministries, implement laws ratified by the Emir, often with input or approval from the Shura Council. The Qatar Financial Centre (QFC) Authority separately issues regulations to implement laws within the QFC’s distinct legal framework.

For more information about the legal system and sources of law in Qatar, see this Guide from Globalex.